The Study of Personality and Time Perception Essay -- Psychology

There have been many studies in the past which have investigated the effect of personality on our mental abilities. For instance Hannon et al. (1995) conducted research into the effect of extraversion and introversion on long term and short term forthcoming memory. Results show extroverts came up with less errors in comparison to introverts in regards to short and long term memory. In this present study we aim to investigate the effects of extraversion and introversion on time perception. With the directional hypothesis suggesting there will be a negative correlation between extraversion and time perception, it is later noted that this isn't the case, resulting in the hypothesis being rejected. It would be safe to say that further research into personality and time perception is required. Introduction: The study of personality and time perception is a captivating strong point for psychology, as it proves just how important psychology is in understanding the human mind. Despite the infinite attributions of these topics a lot of research has been carried out into these areas. The personality has had its fair share of attention in the world of Psychology world, and Hans Eysenck is definitely someone who has made contributions to what we know when understanding the personality. Eysenck came up with a theory for the personality, in which he used factor analysis to structure his beliefs.His theory is made of up of three core personality dimensions: Psychoticism, Neuroticism and Extraversion (Eysenck, 1970; Eynsenck and Eysenck, 1985, cited in Martin, Carlson, Buskist, 2009). These bipolar factors all have their opposites. Where Psychoticism is the opposite to self control, Extraversion is the opposite to Introversion, and Neurot... ...ing, and they had to stay silent at all times. When a participant thought the time was up they would have to then raise their hand, one of the timekeepers would then come over and give them a little tap on their shoulder, and note down the time it took them to raise their hand (each timekeeper was assigned to a section of the class, for monitoring purposes). If participants got to 6 minutes without raising their hand the experimenter would stop the study. After this the experimenter sat all the participants down and got them to look back at the questionnaires. Works Cited Burger, J. (2000) Personality (Fifth Edition) London: Wandsworth Martin, G. Neil, Carlson, Neil R., Buskist, W. (2010). Psychology (4th Edition). Harlow: Pearson Pervin, L., Cervone, D., John, O. (2005) Personality theory ans Research (Ninth Edition) Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons

Its Time for Education Reform :: Education Reform Essays

  In "Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction," Ralph Tyler stated that we should determine what our children need to learn through analysis of contemporary society (1949). I argue further that we must teach beyond today's situation to prepare our students for an uncertain future. All things considered, students' minimal exposure to technology in schools is mystifying. How can we prepare our students for tomorrow's world when we continue to teach with methods and materials from yesterday? My early experiences as a teacher and in my Master's degree program have inspired me to work to integrate technology into the inquiry and constructivist models of science education. I have proven the value of both my instruction methods and curriculum design abilities in my own Biology classroom, at conferences, and while working with other teachers; however, I find the change I initiate to be frustratingly localized. I want to assume a leadership role outside of the classroom so that my ef forts will influence more teachers and students and, perhaps, make a difference on policy and practice in science education.    Computers naturally engage students, so we must embrace and exploit this powerful bond as a means to serve our goals as educators. Yet throughout my experience in educational settings, the role of technology seems to have been reduced to a flashy, colorful way of reinforcing ineffective and outdated teaching strategies. I have focused my talents as a teacher and curriculum designer on the role of technology in the science classroom. I initiated this work during my Master's degree program, which was focused on technology in education, and began to adapt various computer programs and other devices to my Biology curriculum. During my first year of teaching I worked to bridge the gap between such technologies and my constructivist ideology, not only in Biology but also in Earth Science. I knew that if these amazing resources were to advance the mission of science education, they would have to work with the model, not against it.    Through research programs, curriculum development, and specialized training, I have excelled at the integration of multiple forms of technology with research-supported methods of science instruction. In the summer of 2001, I participated in the E-2020 program, affiliated with the University of Colorado at Denver, which matches teachers with scientists for summer research accompanied by workshops in inquiry instruction. My research took place in the Surface Optical Spectroscopy Laboratory at the Colorado School of Mines, where I learned to perform Raman Scattering.

Political and social changes in Rome as a result of the wars

The most obvious were the increased role of the senate, the influx of wealth that arrived in Rome and the introduction of Hellenize. It is believed that these changes were not just the beginnings of the downfall of the republic, but of the entire Roman Empire. Indeed, Assault, writing in the first century BC states that although â€Å"every land and sea lay open to her. It was then that fortune turned unkind and confounded all her enterprises. The senate was already a powerful body in Romeos government, these events, forever greatly increased its power. Constitutionally, the senate was an advisory body; the Alex Horniness, passed in 287, gave the power to make decisions to the Continuum Plebes. In practice, however, the senate was the governing body of Rome and It ruled unchallenged throughout the second century. This power was obtained through Its successful control over Romeos wars of expansion. In fact, the crisis caused by the Second Punic War helped the senate's rise to power m ore than any other single factor.The senate consisted of ex-magistrates who had an enormous amount of experience in government. These senators took control of Rome and showed real leadership, particularly after Canaan. They provided loans, slaves for the army and food and arms, thus ending the war successfully and increasing their prestige. The Influence the senate held over the magistrates was another factor In their Increased power. Even though Roman magistrates were not obliged to seek or follow the senate's advice, they would usually submit all important issues to the senate before showing them to the assemblies.The senators would have been able to keep a tight control on the actions of the magistrates even if they didn't volunteer heir plans. The senate could find another magistrate to veto any unsatisfactory motion they put forward. The Alex Villa Annalist was passed in 181 as a check on any over-ambitious magistrate, It gave the senate the power to control the actions of cons uls and procrastinates such as Gossip Africans who ruled unchallenged in Spain for 10 years.The influx of wealth that arrived in Rome led to the deterioration of traditional values. The booty and riches from the successful wars against Hannibal and Macedonia allowed the upper classes to spend lavishly on food, houses, works of art and other expensive goods. This led to a gradual decline In morals as their wealth led to increased greed and laziness. The upper classes â€Å"treated their wealth as a mere plaything† according to Assault.There were attempts from the conservative faction of the senate, specifically from Coat the Elder, to limit the extravagance of the ruling classes. The laws they put in place were, however, very difficult to enforce and, unsurprisingly, quite unpopular. An example of this is the Poplar law which was passed In 215. It attempted to restrict the amount of Jewelry and expensive clothing o the civilized society he expected of Rome, especially during o ne of the most taxing wars in Romeos history.As the nobles of Rome competed for popularity among the masses, they poured more and more money into the public games. This is another example of the deterioration of the moss moratorium as the new events became more violent and brutal, this had an adverse affect on the character of those who watched them. The money that flowed into Rome as a result of these wars was therefore a huge factor in the deterioration of the traditional Roman way of life. The wars with Greece exposed the Romans to the cultural influences of the Hellenic world.Perhaps the most important outcome of the wars of expansion was the introduction of Hellenize to Rome, the extent to which the Romans were affected by the Greeks is shown in the writing of Horace who states that â€Å"captive Greece had captivated her barbarous conqueror†. Greek culture influenced many things about Roman daily life but the most predominant aspects were religion and education and the reaction to those changes was twofold. Plutarch says that many upper class citizens were happy to see their sons educated in Greek culture and religion, two of these philistines were Gossip Africans and Flamingos.The conservatives, such as Coat, were worried that the ambitions of the younger generations were tainted by Greek learning and that their new ideas would undermine the existing customs in Rome. The result was a widespread blend of traditional Roman values and the new Hellenic ideas which produced a Graces-Roman society. The wars of expansion were a massive event in shaping the political and social structure of Rome. This is shown through the increase in the power of the senate, the influx of wealth that flowed into Rome and the introduction of Hellenize to Roman society.

Health Insurance

Aetna, Inc. is an American health insurance company, which is the direct descendant of Aetna (Fire) Insurance Company, of Hartford, Connecticut. In 1850 Aetna began operation of an Annuity Fund and the company would soon to be known as Aetna Life Insurance Company. In 1899 Aetna became one of the first publicly held insurance companies to enter the health insurance field. Since then Aetna has become committed to providing access to cost-effective health care of the highest possible standard, to protect people against health-related risks and enable them to achieve both good health and financial security.Aetna has provided such products and services for 150 years, and has the ability to be a leader in building a strong and effective system of health care by cooperating with health care professionals and public officials Aetna, Inc. provides a range of traditional and consumer directed health care insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmaceutical, dental, behav ioral health, group life, long-term care, and disability plans, and medical management capabilities. Aetna is a member of the Fortune 100 Aetna Mission & ValuesOur company’s mission, values and goals are expressed through The Aetna Way. The Aetna Way, comprising the elements below, encompasses our shared sense of purpose and provides clarity as we pursue our operational and strategic goals: †¢ Why We Exist: The Aetna Mission †¢ What We Believe In: Our Values †¢ What We’re Trying to Achieve †¢ How We Run Our Business Why We Exist: The Aetna Mission Aetna is dedicated to helping people achieve health and financial security by providing easy access to safe, cost-effective, high-quality health care and protecting their finances against health-related risks.Building on our 150-year heritage, Aetna will be a leader cooperating with doctors and hospitals, employers, patients, public officials and others to build a stronger, more effective health care syste m. What We Believe In: Our Values At Aetna, we put the people who use our services at the center of everything we do and live by a core set of values: †¢ Integrity †¢ Quality Service and Value †¢ Excellence and Accountability †¢ Employee Engagement What We’re Trying to AchieveWe seek to achieve superior customer satisfaction through innovative products, comprehensive health and related benefits choices, effective service and easy-to-understand information. Our goals are: †¢ To give individuals and families affordable coverage choices, helpful service and information so they get the financial protection and health care they need – from prevention through chronic and critical care. †¢ To respect and work effectively with doctors and hospitals by establishing efficient processes and providing prompt claims payments and useful information that helps them provide safe, cost-effective, high-quality health care. To provide employers advice, cost- effective benefits choices and programs that improve the health status and productivity of their work forces. †¢ To partner with brokers and consultants through responsive service, timely information and attractive commissions so they may effectively advise employers on their benefits choices. †¢ To offer employees an engaging and diverse work environment that permits them to satisfy their professional ambitions, take pride in their contributions and share in Aetna's success. †¢ To be a leading corporate citizen, improving the quality of life in communities where we live and work. To award shareholders a superior return on their investment in our company. How We Run Our Business Based on our values, which guide our day-to-day activities, we adhere to specific business practices that help us fulfill our mission, reach our goals, and achieve profitable growth. †¢ Plans: We build and monitor business plans, taking corrective actions on negative variances. †¢ Pr oducts: We develop and accurately price innovative products. †¢ Networks: We develop and manage networks of doctors and hospitals to support multiple product and funding choices. Access to Care: We provide our members access to cost-effective high-quality health care while accurately predicating and managing medical costs. †¢ Claims and Billing: We achieve timely and accurate claims payments and premium billing and collection. †¢ Productivity: We pursue continuous productive and process improvement. †¢ Service: We work together effectively cross the organization to give our customers quality service. †¢ Information: We provide objective information to help our members make informed decisions about heir financial and health care needs. Integrity: Achieve financial and operational integrity through clear, prompt and reliable information that accurately reflects our financial and operational performance. †¢ Rewards: We appreciate effort but we recognize an d reward employees for achieving business results. †¢ Satisfaction: We deliver superior customer satisfaction. Porters Five Forces of Competition framework views the profitability of an industry as determined by the five forces of competitive pressure. As described below, only high competitive rivalry detracts from the attractiveness of the health insurance industry for firms currently in the business. Threat of Entry (Low)Entry into the health insurance industry is blocked by high economies of scale, high capital requirements, and high government and legal barriers. Economies of scale are needed to establish a collection and claims payment network large enough to provide a reasonable selection of providers for patients and also allow the insurance company to have a wide geographic coverage. Moreover, a large client base is needed to facilitate risk management. Health insurance companies need to have enough patients covered so that they have large enough proportion premiums fro m healthy patients to cover the costs of taking care of sick patients.There are also large capital requirement because health insurance companies are required by law to have a certain amount of reserves available to pay claims at all times. Health insurance companies are also required by law to pay out 50-65% of their premiums in medical cost coverage. These government and legal barriers not only determine a large portion of the financing the health insurance companies, they also determine who can operate a health insurance company through licensing. Supplier Power (Low)Suppliers to the health insurance industry include providers, hospitals, and medical device/pharmaceutical companies. Most suppliers have low price sensitivity due to intense competition to get on a health insurance companies provider list or formulary. Since most people cannot afford medical care without health insurance, health insurance companies provide a product that is critical for a patient to be able to acces s a supplier's service or product. Additionally, the size of the health insurance company relative to their suppliers tends to be large.Because of their size, health insurance companies purchase health care from hospitals and doctors at a much lower cost than individual patients. Health insurance companies also have bargaining power because suppliers are unlikely to have the capital or skills required to integrate vertically. Hospitals and providers operate in a low margin business that is always strapped for capital, and pharmaceutical companies don't have the claims processing networks needed in order to provide health insurance. Buyer Power (Low) Buyers of health insurance include individuals, employers, and linked groups of people like AARP.Buyers tend to have high price sensitivity because health care is a large portion of a buyers total cost, especially employers. Additionally, products from health insurance companies are not well differentiated. However, buyers have extremely low bargaining power due to their lack of size relative to health insurance companies, information asymmetry, and inability to vertically integrate. Not only can health insurance companies better negotiate with providers/hospitals for discounted health care rates, but health insurance companies also have far superior knowledge of costs.Doctors and hospitals don't routinely display the prices they charge to patients, but health insurance companies have this information through their contractual relationships with providers. Threat of Substitutes (Low) There are few substitutes for health insurance. Currently, the main choices buyers have are to have health insurance to cover their medical expenses or pay for health care costs themselves. The high price of medical care, especially for chronic medical conditions and emergency services, makes being a self-pay patient an unattractive option.Therefore, currently 84% of the US population has either private or government health insurance. However, new substitutes to health insurance are being developed. Cerner, a healthcare IT company, has started to offer claims processing services to customers of its IT products. Competitive Rivalry (High) Industry competition is high for several reasons. The industry has a low concentration with the four largest companies in the health insurance business (Wellpoint, UnitedHealth Group, Aetna, and Health Care Service Corp. accounting for only 25% of the group health insurance premiums written. Additionally, diversity among competitors is low because health insurance companies are heavily regulated. There are strict regulations on how health insurance companies can structure themselves and what type of products they can or are required to offer. About Aetna Aetna is one of the nation's leading diversified health care benefits companies, serving approximately 36. 1 million people with information and resources to help them make better informed decisions about their health care.Aetna offers a broad range of traditional and consumer-directed health insurance products and related services, including medical, pharmacy, dental, behavioral health, group life and disability plans, and medical management capabilities and health care management services for Medicaid plans. Our customers include employer groups, individuals, college students, part-time and hourly workers, health plans, governmental units, government-sponsored plans, labor groups and expatriates. For more information, see www. etna. com and Aetna's Annual Report at www. aetna. com/2009annualreport. Aetna Aetna (NYSE: AET) has long been a leading health care-oriented insurance company, dedicated to providing people with the means to achieve financial security and peace of mind. By offering employee benefits and long-term care insurance as well as health care, disability, group life, dental, and pharmacy insurance, Aetna uses information and resources to help their members make informed decisions about the types of health care they need.The Aetna insurance company serves both employer and individual markets. Aetna provides benefits to employers in all states, with products and services tailored to employers of sizes, from smaller companies to large national employers. In some markets Aetna also provides products and services to individuals and Medicare beneficiaries. Aetna is committed to providing access to cost-effective health care of the highest possible standard, to protect people against health-related risks and enable them to achieve both good health and financial security.Aetna has provided such products and services for 150 years, and has the ability to be a leader in building a strong and effective system of health care by cooperating with health care professionals and public officials. The primary goal of Aetna is to provide innovative products and uncomplicated information that gives its customers the tools they need to make the best possible insurance choices to safeguard their health and financial security.Two types of health care and dental plans are offered: a risk basis plan where the company assumes most or all of the risk of costs, and an employer-funded basis plan, where the plan is sponsored via an administrative services contract. In the latter situation, it is the plan sponsor rather than the company that assumes the risk. By having a variety of choices, Aetna ensures its clients can find an insurance product to match their needs. Another option that Aetna offers its clients is group insurance.Most Group Life products provide renewable term coverage in fixed amounts, or amounts which are related to individual wage levels. Group Disability Insurance consists of income-replacement benefits for both short and long-term disability. Long Term Care Insurance provides for long-term custodial care expenses in a nursing home, adult day-care facility or at home. Aetna also offers Large Case Pensions, which include several retirement products, includ ing annuities and pensions, for defined benefit and contribution plans.These provide a variety of options, including experience-rated and both guaranteed and non-guaranteed products. Currently, however, new business is not sought. Aetna provides fully-insured, self-funded (ASO) health care products, including Aetna Global Benefits, Medicare+Choice, Pharmacy, Vision, POS, PPO and HMO. Aetna was the first national health insurance company to offer consumer-directed health plans, and continues to be an industry pioneer with products in the Aetna HealthFundA ® range.This collection of consumer-directed plans includes Aetna PharmacyFundA ®, Aetna DentalFundA ®, and a program for the reimbursement of long-term care premiums. Additionally, Aetna is able to offer integrated HealthFund products. As of March 31, 2006, Aetna provided medical coverage for more than 15 million members. Aetna also provides dental coverage for more than 13 million members. Aetnaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Group Insuran ce business provides a competitive range of asset protection and income-replacement products, including Short Term and Long Term Disability, Managed Disability, Long Term Care, Group Life, and Accidental Death & Personal Loss.As a leader in this field, Aetna provides these services for more than 13 million members. Aetna also offers a wide range of employee benefit plans, despite the rising cost of these plans. Aetna offers employee benefit and insurance products and services that help keep costs low while maintaining a consistently high standard of health care. Services include disease management and patient safety programs, case management plans, and integrated medical, pharmaceutical, dental, disability, and behavioral health information. Aetna, Inc. s a diversified health-care benefits and insurance company that provides a wide range of both traditional and consumer-directed health-related products and services. Aetna, Inc. is a direct descendent of the Aetna Insurance Company o f Hartford, Connecticut. As such, Aetna has been in the insurance business for more than 150 years. In 1996, Aetna merged with U. S. Healthcare. In the twenty-first century, Aetna has earned a 100% score on the Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index three years running, and remains committed to providing excellent health care and insurance benefits in America.

Auto Mobile vs Amusement Park Safety Essay

Automobile’s today are built with many different safety features, and these are so the person(s) within the vehicle do not get injured and or killed. Also these features are not to only protect the people(s) but also the company that the automobile came from, so for example if someone was driving a car and got into a serious wreck and the air bags did not deploy therefore injuring the victim then they could sue the automobile company for money, a new car, pain and suffering, etc. Some of these safety features include Brakes, Airbags, seat belts, and more. When talking about brakes in a car you’re going to want to know what it is your getting because there are many different options in brakes, some examples of this being your regular brakes like you push down the peddle softly and the car with start to slow down or Anti-Lock Brakes or ABS, The primary purpose of anti-lock brakes is to prevent a car’s wheels from locking during panic braking. By allowing the car to slow in a more controlled manner, the driver can often maintain better steering control and avoid an accident. Brakes can easily be interpreted by Newton’s first law of motion which states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. So a car is moving along the road and the car steps of the gas now the car will eventually stop from the friction of the pavement to the tires but let’s say it doesn’t. So while the car is moving at the speed you let off the gas the car will keep moving at the same speed unless acted on by an opposing force which in this case are the brakes. Know the brakes are applied and what brakes do is they but force of the tiers of the car and that produces friction on the tiers which in term slow the tires down thus slowing the car down. Airbags in a car are extreme safety features because they keep a person(s) from potentially coming out of the front window; seat belts will also do the same but with a little more added protection. So say a car were to hit you from behind what would happen? Well besides your car being wrecked. The body(s) would start moving forward. This is because of part of Newton’s first law of motion which states a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by another force. So your car is sitting at a stop light but the car behind you does not stop so they run into the back of you well your body will fly forward. Because you were at rest and then a force came and pushed you out of rest therefore moving you in the same direction as the car that hit you. So the air bag and seat belt are there to stop you from flying forward and getting severely injured. Amusement park rides and cars have some of the same safety features and even if there not called the same thing they do the same thing for example a seat belt in a car is the same as the harness on a roller coaster. In my opinion I find roller coasters safer then cars because there are equipped with the same features but there are few outside forces to mess with it unlike a car. Because unless due to a technical problem a roller coaster cart will not smash into another roller coaster cart. Amusement park rides also have brakes most of these are more heavy duty breaks then car but then again your taking a one ton car vs. a potentially one hundred ton ride so you’re going to need that extra power to help. Some would argue that to many safety features on an amusement park ride can take the thrill away, I would have to disagree with that because I myself have been on many and I feel thrill every single time. But in a ride if there are many safety features then usual then that will typically mean that the ride is potentially more dangerous than a lesser safety featured ride and this can be because of high speeds, higher altitudes and so on. So if you come to a ride with many safety features it’s not because they want to take away the thrill but because they want to make you safe and once again like automobile company’s not get sued.

John’s Termination Essay

This paper is about Mr. John who has been terminated by his boss and the reason behind this termination was the unsatisfactory standard of work that he did. This was really surprising for John as no one had ever objected about the work he did and so he was taken aback when he came to know about the termination. However, it was not entirely the fault of John as he had never been corrected before due to which he did not know about his mistakes. It is always wise for the management to opt for certain steps prior to the termination and even after the termination as it can have adverse affects on the other employees working in the organization. Before terminating John, it was the duty of the management to inform and to warn him about his performance at work as it is not ethical to terminate him in this way. Since the time an employee is hired, it is the responsibility of the human resource department of an organization to look after the employees. Firstly, they must conduct an effective recruitment process and securitizing of employees should be done carefully so that the employee is able to meet the expectations of the job. Once the employee is hired, proper training must be provided, however still if any employee is not capable he should first be warned and should be asked to improve but if he does not show any progress, he must be transferred to some other department or must be given some other job that suits his qualification and experience as termination should always be the last option for the management to opt for. The reason behind this is that termination always leaves a negative impact not just on the employee who has been terminated but on the existing employees as well as they might fear that even they can also be terminated in future. (Leat, 2001).

Atomic Bomb

During wartime, horrible atrocities against all of humanity must be dealt with.  Ã‚   Crimes against humanity, as never witnessed before, and hopefully to never be seen again, occurred during the course of World War II.  Ã‚   America has always, and most likely will always place a high value on American lives.  Ã‚   In order to protect these lives and to insure that the world is safe for democracy, American leaders had to make a very tough decision, whether or not to drop the atomic bomb on Japan.  Ã‚   This act would essentially trade Japanese lives for American lives.  Ã‚   The Japanese were responsible for hundreds of thousands of American casualties in the Pacific, including the unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor.  Ã‚   With Japanese forces showing no signs of surrender, American leaders made a decision.  Ã‚   This decision essentially changed the history of warfare forever.    An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom.   This powe r comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy.   The process by which this is done is known as fission.   The only two atoms suitable for fission are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239.   Fission occurs when a neutron, a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart.   When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released.   These neutrons strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released.   If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power.    The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type.   In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell.   One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest.   The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel.   A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical mass.   When the fuse is triggered, a conventional explosion causes the second subcritical mass to be propelled at a high velocity into the first subcritical mass.   The resulting combination causes the two subcritical masses to become a supercritical mass.   When this supercritical mass is obtained, a rapid self-sustained chain reaction is caused.   This type of atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima, and given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy† after Franklin D. Roosevelt.    The second type of atomic bomb is an implosion bomb.   In this type a subcritical mass, which is in the shape of a ball, is placed in the center of the weapon.   This subcritical mass is surrounded in a spherical arrangement of conventional explosives.   When the fuse is triggered all of the conventional explosives explode at the same time.    This causes the subcritical mass to be compressed into a smaller volume, thus creating a supercritical mass to be formed.   After this supercritical mass is obtained, a self-sustained chain reaction takes place and causes the atomic explosion.   This type of atomic bomb was used on Nagasaki, and given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man† after Winston Churchill.    The blast from an atomic bomb’s explosion will last for only one-half to one second, but in this amount of time a great deal of damage is done.   A fireball is created by the blast, which consists mainly of dust and gasses.   The dust produced in this fireball has no substantial effect on humans or their environment.   However, as the gasses expand a blast wave is produced.   As this blast wave moves, it creates static overpressure.   This static overpressure then in turn creates dynamic pressure.   The static overpressure has the power to crush buildings.   The dynamic pressure creates winds , which have the power to blow down trees.   The blast pressure and fireball together only last for approximately eleven seconds, but because it contains fifty percent of the atomic bomb’s latent energy a great deal of destruction occurs.    In Hiroshima, the blast from the atomic bomb was measured to be about four and a half to six and seven tenths tons of pressure per square meter, while in Nagasaki the blast was measured to be about six to eight tons of pressure per square meter.   Because of this dramatic change in the pressure most of the cities were destroyed.   The static overpressure in Hiroshima destroyed between sixty-two and ninety thousand buildings, while in Nagasaki all of the buildings within three thousand feet of the center of the blast were completely destroyed.   The static overpressure created a dynamic pressure that had winds up to four hundred miles per hour.   These winds caused minor scratches, lacerations, or compound fractures, which came about when people and glass fragments were projected through the air.   By combining the results of the static overpressure and the dynamic pressure one can begin to see what damage was caused by the atomic bomb’s blast.    The thermal radiation produced by an atomic bomb explosion will account for thirty-five percent of the atomic bomb’s damage.   Thermal radiation can come in one of three forms: ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, or infrared radiation.   The ultraviolet radiation is absorbed so rapidly by air particles that it has no substantial effect on people.   However, the visible and infrared radiation creates an enormous amount of heat to be produced, approximately ten million degrees Celsius at the hypocenter.   This heat has two main effects.   The first is known as flash burns.   The flash of thermal radiation produces these flash burns right after the explosion.   Flash burns can be either first-degree burns (bad sun burns), secon d-degree burns (blisters, infections, and scars), or third-degree burns (destroyed skin tissue).   The second type is known as flame burns.   These are burns that come from one of two different types of fires, which are created when flammable materials are ignited by the thermal radiation.   The first type is called firestorms.   A firestorm is violent, has raging winds, and has extremely high temperatures; but fortunately it does not spread very rapidly.   The second type is called a conflagration.   A conflagration is when the fire spreads in a front.   The thermal radiation produced by the atomic bomb’s explosion will account for most of the deaths or injuries.    In Hiroshima and Nagasaki the thermal radiation accounted for approximately twenty to thirty percent of the deaths or injuries from the atomic bomb’s explosion.   Those that were at a distance of two and one half miles from the hypocenter received first degree burns.   Those that were a t a distance of two and one quarter miles from the hypocenter received second degree burns.   Those that were at a distance of one half of a mile from the hypocenter received third degree burns.   Ninety-five percent of the burns created from the thermal radiation were by flash burns, and only five percent of the burns were by flame burns.   The reason for this low number of flame burns is that only two to ten percent of the buildings caught on fire.   By combining the damage from both the flash and flame burns one can begin to see the effects that an atomic bomb’s thermal radiation had.   Approximately sixty thousand in Hiroshima, and approximately forty-one thousand people were either killed or injured from the thermal radiation.    The final effect that an atomic bomb caused is the nuclear radiation produced from the fission process.   The nuclear radiation comes in the form of either Gamma rays or Beta particles.   Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation originating in the atomic nuclei, physically identical to x-rays.   They can enter into living tissue extremely easily.   Beta particles are negatively charged particles, identical to an electron moving at a high velocity.   These forms of nuclear radiation are measured in rads (radiation-absorbed-dose), which is defined as the absorption of five ten millionths joule per gram of absorbing material.   During the initial nuclear radiation mostly Gamma rays are emitted from the fireball.   This period of initial nuclear radiation lasts for approximately one minute.   During the residual nuclear period (fallout) the Beta particles and more of the Gamma rays are emitted.   The residual radiation has two stages: early fallout and delayed fallout.   In early fallout, the heavy and highly radioactive particles fall back to the earth, usually within the first twenty-four hours.   In delayed fallout, the tiny and often invisible particles fall back to the earth, and usually last from a couple of days to several years.   The nuclear radiation from the atomic bomb’s explosion was not the main cause of death, but it did still have serious results.    In Hiroshima, the initial nuclear radiation was spread over a distance of approximately fifty-three hundredths of a kilometer.   In Nagasaki, the initial nuclear radiation only spread one and six thousandths of a kilometer.   The reason why the nuclear radiation was not the main caused of deaths or injuries was that the atomic bomb was detonated so high in the atmosphere; approximately five hundred and seventy meters in Hiroshima, and approximately five hundred and ten meters in Nagasaki.   Even without causing many deaths the nuclear radiation probably caused the most serious effects.   Those with definite proof were those of increased rates of cataracts, leukemia, cancer of the thyroid, cancer of the breast, cancer of the lungs, cancer of the stomach, and mental retardation of babies.   Those that had substantial but not definite proof were those of tumors of the esophagus, tumors of the colon, tumors of the salivary glands, and tumors of the urinary tract organs.   Those that had no definite or substantial proof were those of increased rates of birth mortality, birth defects, infertility, and susceptibility towards illnesses. Plagiarism Detection > Plagiarism Detection >The blast, the thermal radiation, or the nuclear radiation from an atomic bomb explosion will have severe effects on both humans and on the environment in which they live in.   The only two cities that have ever experienced having an atomic bomb being exploded on them were the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II.   In Hiroshima, the casualties have been estimated between seventy-five and eighty thousand. In Nagasaki, the total number killed was estimated at more that thirty-five thousand.   The total number severely injured was even greater than forty thousand.In the 50 years since the first atomic explosion, the promises and perils of nuclear science have touched nearly every aspect of our culture and politics.   The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the worlds history, launching us into the Atomic Age.   We came close to nuclear inhalation during the cold war, but its benefits have been much greater.   We have turned nuclear power into a reliable source of energy, and it has provided us with many technological advances.   In the future we can look forward to using the technology discovered during the Manhattan Project to create even better sources of energy.   We are only at the beginning of the Atomic Age, and there are endless possibilities for the future.